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Questionnaire

The following questionnaire was prepared for a student research project at the University of Public Service. The questionnaire can be completed anonymously, and no personal data has to be provided. The data will be used exclusively in the paper, in aggregated form. Completing the questionnaire takes approximately 10 minutes.

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1

Gender

Select an answer

Male

Female

Other

Prefer not to say

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2

Age

Select an answer

18-25

26-32

33-40

41-

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3

Permanent Residence

Select an answer

Village

Town

Small Town (less than 10,000 inhabitants)

City

County Seat/City with County Rights

Capital City (e.g., Budapest)

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4

Permanent Residence (Country)

Select an answer

Hungary

Eu member state

European non-EU country

Non-European country

Please enter the name of the country here, if you wish to specify it

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5

Education

Select an answer

Vocational Secondary School

High School Diploma

Bachelor's

Master's

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6

How much time do you spend on the internet per day?

Select an answer

Less than 1 hour

1-3 hours

More than 3 hours

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7

How often do you use the internet for the following purposes?

Choose one response per row

NeverRarely (1-2 times a month)WeeklyMore than once a weekDaily

Reading news

Work/Study

Online gaming

Social Media

Streaming

Reading thematic pages (e.g., sports)

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8

Which social media platforms do you use and how often?

Choose one response per row

NeverRarely (1-2 times a month)WeeklyMore than once a weekDaily

BlueSky

FaceBook

Instagram

Mastodon

Snapchat

Telegram

TikTok

X (Twitter)

Youtube

Whatsapp

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9

Do you regularly read news websites (at least once a day)?

Select an answer

Yes

No

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10

How dangerous do you consider the shaping of public opinion through disinformation?

Select an answer

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11

In your opinion, who uses disinformation for mass manipulation?

Choose one or more options

Private individuals

Political groups

Religious groups

Business circles

State actors

Other (please describe if you wish to specify it)

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12

In your opinion, what is the purpose of using disinformation?

Select one or more answers

Social manipulation

Information falsification

Influencing individual behavior

Promoting extremist ideologies

Political advantage

Business profit

No specific purpose

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13

Do you think disinformation can influence the behavior of a large number of people?

Select an answer

Yes

No

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14

Who do you think spreads disinformation?

Select one or more answers

Private individuals

Political groups

Religious groups

Business circles

State actors

Other (please describe if you wish to specify it)

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15

Which of the following statements about disinformation are true?

Select all correct answers

Disinformation existed before the widespread adoption of the internet.

Fake news is a specific form of disinformation.

It is not necessary to act individually against disinformation; it is the responsibility of the platform operators and state bodies.

In the last decade, at least 10,000 mass disinformation campaigns were launched against the EU.

Disinformation is information intentionally spread to influence others' opinions or behavior.

Disinformation is easily recognizable.

Disinformation can influence political decisions and public opinion at a societal level.

Disinformation can arise accidentally.

Social media platforms are most suitable for spreading disinformation.

Disinformation cannot spread through traditional media.

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16

How can disinformation be distinguished from real news?

Select all correct answers

Posts with many shares on social media undoubtedly contain truth.

By fact-checking the information.

Disinformation never appears in the same way on multiple platforms.

There are independent news sources that always report facts impartially.

Known authors never spread disinformation.

The title alone indicates if it is disinformation.

Comparing multiple sources helps filter out disinformation.

Disinformation news never cite specific data.

Disinformation often evokes strong emotions and emotional reactions.

In the fight against disinformation, critical thinking and source verification are important.

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17

Which of the following statements apply to you?

Select all correct answers

I have never fallen for a scam.

I often share information without checking its source.

Information from well-known news sites can be shared without verification.

I always verify news from multiple sources.

I know the signs that indicate a piece of content is disinformation.

I can identify signs of disinformation on social media.

I consider information shared by public figures to be credible without verification.

I regularly use fact-checking websites.

It is important to me to only share news whose credibility is proven.

Filtering manipulated content is not my responsibility but that of the media.

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18

Do you think action should be taken against disinformation?

Select one answer

Yes

No

Only in extreme cases

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19

Whose responsibility it is to take action against disinformation?

Select one or more answers

Reader

Platform operator

State

Don't know

Other (please describe if you wish to specify it)

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20

What substantial steps are needed to prevent the spread of disinformation?

Select one or more answers

Community fact-checking

Provider fact-checking

State-regulated content control (censorship)

Online, widespread awareness campaigns

Sanctioning accounts that spread malicious content

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21

Have you ever taken action when you suspected disinformation?

Select the statements that apply to you

Yes, I always report it to the platform operator.

It is not my job to act.

I add known facts as comments to the post.

I try to point out errors with sources.

I am not interested; it is not my responsibility if someone falls for it.

I report overtly community-harmful content to the provider.

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22

Do you agree with the following statements?

Choose one response per row

Completely agreeAgreeSomewhat agreeCannot assess Somewhat disagreeDisagreeCompletely disagree

Social media platforms have exacerbated the disinformation problem.

People encounter more diverse perspectives online.

False information generally spreads faster than truth on social media.

People are able to distinguish truth from false information.

Disinformation played a decisive role in the outcome of the 2016 US elections.

Today, more people fall for disinformation than ten years ago.

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